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Potential Utility of Combined Urine Lipocalin-2 and Copper Test in Diagnosing Acute Pyelonephritis or Cystitis

Host-bacterial interactions that occur during urinary tract infections. The
animation illustrates the arsenal of bacteria used to obtain iron, which is
essential for their division, directly at the site of inflammation. This
mixture consists of metallophores, which are substances used by pathogens to
capture metallic ions that are nutritionally important to them. An
immunocompetent host can eliminate only enterobactin (a metallophore) via
the secretion of lipocalin 2 (Lcn2), a host acute-phase protein of
inflammation that suppresses bacterial growth. The host further defends
itself by increasing the secretion of copper ions, which are toxic to
bacteria. Resistant bacterial strains protect themselves against the immune
response by capturing copper ions with the metallophore yersiniabactin or by
secreting metallophores that the host cannot eliminate, such as aerobactin
and yersiniabactin. The complete story:
https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.5c05922

Detection of Siderophores as a Superior Noninvasive Diagnostic Tool in Unraveling Mixed Fungal Infections

Two proliferating filamentous fungi are thought to exhibit enhanced
pathogenicity due to their simultaneous production of stealth siderophores,
including rhizoferrin and triacetylfusarinine C. The possible lines of host
defense remain unknown. The complete story:
https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.5c01914